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RAPID REVISION NOTES FOR ENT MBBS (Hardcopy)

RAPID REVISION NOTES FOR ENT MBBS (Hardcopy)

Original price was: ₹999.00.Current price is: ₹699.00.

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Description

I. EAR

1. Anatomy & Physiology

  • Divisions: External ear, middle ear, inner ear.
  • Hearing Pathway: Sound transmission from tympanic membrane → ossicles → cochlea → auditory nerve → brain.
  • Balance System: Vestibular apparatus, semicircular canals, otolith organs.

2. Common Ear Diseases

  • Otitis Externa → Pain, swelling, ear discharge.
  • Acute Otitis Media (AOM) → Middle ear infection, fever, bulging TM.
  • Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM)
    • Tubotympanic (Safe CSOM) → Central perforation, no complications.
    • Atticoantral (Unsafe CSOM) → Marginal perforation, cholesteatoma, risk of complications.
  • Complications of CSOM → Mastoiditis, facial nerve palsy, labyrinthitis, brain abscess, lateral sinus thrombosis.
  • Otosclerosis → Conductive hearing loss, Carhart’s notch, treated with stapedotomy.
  • Meniere’s Disease → Triad: Vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating SNHL.
  • Acoustic Neuroma → Vestibular Schwannoma, progressive SNHL, diagnosed by MRI.
  • Facial Nerve Palsy → Otogenic (due to CSOM, trauma), Bell’s palsy (idiopathic).

3. Hearing Tests & Management

  • Tuning Fork Tests → Rinne’s, Weber’s, ABC.
  • Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) → Assesses hearing loss.
  • Impedance Audiometry → Tympanometry for middle ear assessment.
  • Management → Hearing aids, cochlear implants, tympanoplasty, mastoidectomy.

II. NOSE & PARANASAL SINUSES

1. Anatomy & Functions

  • Nasal septum → Divided by vomer and ethmoid.
  • Turbinates → Superior, middle, inferior; function in air filtration and humidification.
  • Paranasal Sinuses → Maxillary, Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid.

2. Common Nasal Conditions

  • Rhinitis → Acute (viral, bacterial), Allergic (IgE-mediated, seasonal, perennial).
  • Sinusitis → Acute (<4 weeks) vs. Chronic (>12 weeks), presents with nasal blockage, headache, facial pain.
  • Nasal Polyps → Associated with allergic rhinitis, Samter’s triad (Asthma, Aspirin sensitivity, Polyps).
  • Epistaxis → Most common from Little’s area (Kiesselbach’s plexus).
  • Deviated Nasal Septum (DNS) → May cause nasal obstruction, headache, recurrent sinusitis.
  • Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma → Adolescent males, recurrent epistaxis, vascular tumor.

3. Investigations & Management

  • Nasal Endoscopy → For chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps.
  • CT PNS → Best for sinus pathology.
  • Management → Medical (nasal sprays, antihistamines), FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery), septoplasty, turbinate reduction.

III. PHARYNX & LARYNX

1. Diseases of the Pharynx

  • Tonsillitis → Acute (Group A Streptococcus), chronic (indication for tonsillectomy).
  • Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy) → Unilateral swelling, trismus, requires drainage.
  • Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) → Snoring, daytime sleepiness, managed with CPAP or UPPP surgery.
  • Pharyngeal Tumors → Squamous cell carcinoma, risk factors include smoking, alcohol.

2. Diseases of the Larynx

  • Acute Laryngitis → Viral inflammation of vocal cords, hoarseness.
  • Laryngotracheal Trauma → Hoarseness, airway compromise.
  • Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy →
    • Unilateral → Hoarseness.
    • Bilateral → Stridor, requires tracheostomy.
  • Laryngeal Cancer → Most common is squamous cell carcinoma, presents with progressive hoarseness.

3. Laryngeal & Pharyngeal Surgeries

  • Tonsillectomy → Indications: ≥7 episodes/year, Quinsy, OSA.
  • Tracheostomy → Emergency airway management.
  • Microlaryngeal Surgery (MLS) → For vocal cord nodules, polyps.

IV. HEAD & NECK

1. Neck Masses

  • Midline → Thyroglossal Cyst (Moves with swallowing & tongue protrusion).
  • Lateral → Branchial Cyst, Tuberculous Lymphadenitis, Metastatic Nodes.
  • Goiter & Thyroid Disorders → Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Cancer.

2. Salivary Gland Diseases

  • Sialadenitis → Infection, commonly affects the submandibular gland.
  • Sialolithiasis → Salivary duct stones, submandibular gland most affected.
  • Parotid Tumors →
    • Pleomorphic Adenoma (Most common benign).
    • Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (Most common malignant).

V. CLINICAL METHODS & INVESTIGATIONS

1. ENT Examination

  • Otoscopic Examination → Assess TM, perforations, cholesteatoma.
  • Nasal Endoscopy → For sinusitis, nasal polyps, tumors.
  • Indirect Laryngoscopy → For vocal cord lesions, laryngeal cancer.

2. Imaging in ENT

  • HRCT Temporal Bone → For CSOM, cholesteatoma, facial nerve pathology.
  • MRI Brain & IAC (Internal Auditory Canal) → For vestibular schwannoma, SNHL.
  • CT PNS (Paranasal Sinuses) → For sinusitis, nasal polyps, tumors.

3. Audiological Investigations

  • Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) → Degree and type of hearing loss.
  • Impedance Audiometry (Tympanometry, Acoustic Reflexes) → Middle ear function.
  • Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA) → For retrocochlear pathology (e.g., Acoustic Neuroma).

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