ORTHOPAEDICS

Description

1. Fractures:
   • Types of fractures: Simple, compound, comminuted, etc.
   • Healing process stages: Inflammation, repair, and remodeling.
   • Complications: Delayed union, malunion, nonunion, and compartment syndrome.
2. Joint Dislocations:
   • Common dislocations (shoulder, hip, knee).
   • Signs, symptoms, and immediate management.
   • Reduction techniques and post-reduction care.
3. Bone Infections (Osteomyelitis):
   • Acute vs. chronic osteomyelitis.
   • Causative organisms and risk factors.
   • Diagnostic imaging and treatment options.
4. Arthritis:
   • Types: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.
   • Pathophysiology and common joints affected.
   • Treatment: NSAIDs, DMARDs, lifestyle modifications, and joint replacement options.
5. Spinal Disorders:
   • Common issues: Disc prolapse, scoliosis, and spinal stenosis.
   • Symptoms and basic treatment protocols.
   • Red flags in spinal complaints, such as cauda equina syndrome.
6. Pediatric Orthopaedics:
   • Congenital conditions: Clubfoot, developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).
   • Growth plate injuries and implications.
   • Scoliosis types and basic management.
7. Bone Tumors:
   • Benign vs. malignant bone tumors (e.g., osteosarcoma).
   • Diagnostic approach (imaging and biopsy).
   • Overview of treatment principles (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy).
8. Orthopedic Emergencies:
   • Recognizing and managing acute compartment syndrome.
   • Vascular injuries in trauma and the need for urgent intervention.
   • Management of open fractures to prevent infection.
9. Basic Trauma Care (ATLS Principles):
   • Initial assessment and stabilization.
   • Use of splints, slings, and traction.
   • ABCDE approach in multiple trauma cases.
10. Amputations and Prosthetics:

• Indications for limb amputation.
• Rehabilitation and types of prosthetic devices.
• Complications such as phantom limb pain.