Course Content
SYMPTOMATOLOGY
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HYPERTENSION
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HEART FAILURE
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INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
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CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Clinical Examination Summary Diastolic Murmurs: Pathophysiology: Occurs during ventricular relaxation; often indicates pathologies like aortic or pulmonic regurgitation and mitral or tricuspid stenosis. Clinical Signs: Characterized by early, mid, or late diastolic timing, pitch, and associated symptoms such as wide pulse pressure or right atrial enlargement​(diastolic murmurs). Functional Murmurs: Etiology: Non-pathological, often due to increased blood flow in states like pregnancy or hyperthyroidism. Characteristics: Typically soft and non-radiating; includes types like Still’s murmur and mammary souffle​(functional murmurs). Pericardial Rub: Cause: Commonly due to pericarditis, recognized by a scratchy sound caused by inflamed pericardial layers. Key Signs: Loudest over the left sternal border and varies with positioning, often becoming louder when the patient leans forward​(pericardial rub). Systolic Flow Murmurs: Pathophysiology: Associated with increased cardiac output; common in states like anemia and pregnancy. Distinguishing Factors: Generally soft, mid-systolic, and less intense than pathologic murmurs​(systolic flow murmurs). Systolic Murmurs: Types: Includes ejection and holosystolic murmurs. Conditions such as aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation are common causes. Clinical Relevance: Differentiation from physiological murmurs is essential to diagnose underlying pathologies​(systolic murmurs). Vascular Clicks: Classification: Divided into valvular and vascular clicks, each with unique characteristics and timing. Clinical Importance: Useful in identifying conditions like mitral valve prolapse and bicuspid aortic valve​(vascular clicks). Cardiac Clicks: Association: Often related to mitral valve prolapse and other valvular abnormalities. Characteristics: High-pitched, occurring primarily in mid- or late systole, and changes with position​(clicks). Continuous Murmurs: Mechanism: Due to persistent pressure gradient, as in patent ductus arteriosus or arteriovenous fistulas. Types: Notable examples include PDA, AV fistulas, and venous hums​(continunous murmur).
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BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
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ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER
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ADULT CARDIOLOGY FULL TEXTBOOK
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CARDIAC X RAY
CARDIAC X RAY
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Adult Cardiology
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