PHARMACOLOGY - General Medicine Vol 3
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PHARMACOLOGY - General Medicine Vol 3
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PHARMACOLOGY
covers several key topics in drug development, pharmacogenomics, severe drug reactions, cytochrome P450 and its clinical significance, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, pharmacovigilance, pharmacodynamics, and narrow therapeutic index drugs. Here’s a summary of some highlighted sections:
Drug Trials: The stages include preclinical trials, followed by Phases I-IV, which sequentially assess safety, efficacy, side effects, and long-term impact in diverse populations.
Pharmacogenomics: This field explores how genetic factors affect drug response, with implications in personalized medicine, optimizing dosing, reducing adverse reactions, and predicting drug efficacy.
Severe Drug Reactions: These can be immune-mediated or dose-related and vary widely in severity, including conditions like anaphylaxis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Management often involves discontinuation of the drug, supportive care, and sometimes immunosuppressants.
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes (CYP450): These liver enzymes are crucial for drug metabolism, influencing drug efficacy, toxicity, and interactions. Variability in these enzymes can affect individual responses to medications.
Pharmacokinetics: Encompasses absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), all of which determine drug concentration over time. Key influencing factors include route of administration, liver function, and renal clearance.
Bioavailability: This parameter measures the fraction of a drug that reaches systemic circulation in an active form. It is influenced by factors like first-pass metabolism and drug formulation.
Pharmacovigilance: Focuses on monitoring adverse drug reactions (ADRs) post-approval to ensure drug safety, mitigate risks, and inform regulatory actions.
Pharmacodynamics: Examines the effects of drugs on the body, including mechanisms of action, dose-response relationships, and receptor interactions.
Narrow Therapeutic Index (NTI) Drugs: These drugs require precise dosing and monitoring due to their narrow range between effective and toxic doses, examples include warfarin and lithium.
