NUTRITION
Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM): This condition is marked by deficiencies in protein and calories, impacting growth and immunity. It includes Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency) and Marasmus (severe calorie and protein deficit). Risk factors include poverty, illness, and inadequate diets.
Balanced Diet: A balanced diet provides carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water in suitable proportions to sustain health. It supports energy needs, growth, and chronic disease prevention.
Enteral Nutrition: Nutrients are delivered directly into the gastrointestinal tract for patients unable to eat but with a functional GI system. It includes various tube types (e.g., nasogastric, gastrostomy) and feeding methods (e.g., bolus, continuous).
Parenteral Nutrition (PN): PN delivers nutrients intravenously when the GI tract is non-functional. Types include Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) for long-term and Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition (PPN) for short-term needs, addressing malabsorption, bowel rest, or severe malnutrition.
Vitamin Deficiencies: Specific sections cover deficiencies like Beriberi (thiamine deficiency) and Pellagra (niacin deficiency), including their symptoms, risk factors, and treatments.
Vitamin D: Essential for calcium homeostasis, immune function, and chronic disease prevention. Both deficiency and toxicity have significant health impacts, requiring balanced supplementation and adequate sun exposure.
Zinc: An essential mineral for immune function, DNA synthesis, and wound healing. Deficiency, common with low intake or malabsorption conditions, leads to impaired immunity and growth issues.
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